Literally 'New Religion' — a 16th-century Chinese coinage contrasting
新教 (Protestantism, the 'new' Reformation churches) with
旧教 (Jiùjiào, 'old religion' = Catholicism). Modern Chinese typically uses
新教 vs
天主教 (Tiānzhǔjiào, 'Religion of the Lord of Heaven') for Catholicism. A Protestant person/church is
新教徒 /
新教教会.