Codified as a legal punishment under the Liao (
辽) dynasty and used through the Qing for treason and parricide. Officially abolished in 1905 by
沈家本 (Shěn Jiāběn) during late-Qing legal reform. The most-cited case is the 1905 execution of
王维勤 (Wang Weiqin), photographed by French soldiers.