Baruch Spinoza (1632-1677) is one of the founding rationalist philosophers of early modern Europe, alongside Descartes and Leibniz. His masterpiece 《
伦理学》(Ethics, 1677), written in geometrical-proof style, argues that God and Nature are one substance (Deus sive Natura). Excommunicated from the Amsterdam Jewish community in 1656 at age 23 for his radical ideas, he made his living grinding optical lenses.
