From the 《
清会典事例》 — the Qing dynasty administrative statutes regulating officials: 「
学臣应用员役,
傥有招摇撞骗及受贿传递等弊」. The phrase was a legal category long before it became everyday vocabulary, and
招摇撞骗罪 ('crime of impersonation fraud') remains a formal charge in the PRC Criminal Code.