Philosophical dualism holds that the world is made of two fundamental elements.
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二元 is used in many compound terms: 二元论 (dualism), 二元经济 (dual economy), 二元对立 (binary opposition). In computing, it overlaps with 二进制 (binary/base-2), but 二元 specifically means 'consisting of two elements' rather than 'base-2 number system.'