Founded the magazine 新青年 (New Youth) in 1915, calling for 德先生 and 赛先生, "Mr Democracy" and "Mr Science". He co-founded the Communist Party of China in 1921 and led it until 1927.
Chen Duxiu was a standard-bearer of the New Culture Movement.
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He took the name 独秀 from 独秀山, a hill near his hometown in Anhui. Party histories pair him with 李大钊 as 南陈北李, 'Chen in the south, Li in the north'. Expelled in 1929, he died poor in Sichuan in 1942.