Staying up late for a long time can cause damage to your health.
Tips
usage
受损 is used for both physical damage (buildings, objects) and abstract damage (reputation, health, interests). It is more formal than 坏了 (huài le, broken).
grammar
受 acts as a passive marker here, similar to 被. Other 受 + verb compounds: 受伤 (injured), 受害 (victimized), 受骗 (deceived).