This old man has been through all of life's vicissitudes.
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历尽 is followed by what was endured: 历尽艰辛 (every hardship), 历尽磨难 (every trial), 历尽沧桑 (all the changes of life). 历 = 'to pass through', 尽 = 'to the very end' — together: 'gone through to the fullest'.