Launched by Mao Zedong (
毛泽东) in May 1966, it lasted until 1976. Universities closed and the Red Guards (
红卫兵) attacked the 'Four Olds' (
四旧: old customs, culture, habits and ideas). In its 1981 resolution on Party history, the Communist Party of China called it a period of internal turmoil (
内乱).