Nanjing ("Southern Capital") served as capital to ten dynasties and regimes, including the Ming founding (1368), the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom, and the Republic of China (1927–1937, 1946–1949). The Nanjing Massacre (
南京大屠杀) of 1937–38, in which Japanese troops killed an estimated 300,000 civilians and POWs, remains one of the most painful memories in modern Chinese history — commemorated at the Nanjing Massacre Memorial Hall.
