People with hyperthyroidism often have a rapid heartbeat and sweat easily.
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Abbreviation of 甲状腺功能亢进 (jiǎzhuàngxiàn gōngnéng kàngjìn, 'thyroid function hyperactivity'). 亢 means 'excessive/overactive', so 甲亢 = 'thyroid-over'. Its opposite 甲低 ('thyroid-low') = hypothyroidism.