Named after Italian biologist Camillo Golgi (1843–1926), who discovered it in 1898 using his silver-staining technique — the same method that let Cajal map neurons. Golgi shared the 1906 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine.
高尔基 is the standard transliteration for 'Golgi' (also used for the Russian writer Maxim Gorky — same Chinese name, different person).